Physiological function
1. Antioxidant effect
Ergothionein is a natural amino acid that comes from plants and can be accumulated in animals. Studies have proved that it has the function of antioxidant. It can effectively remove -OH, chelate iron and copper ions, and prevent H2O2 from forming -OH under the action of iron or copper ions. It also inhibits the oxidation of copper-dependent oxygenated hemoglobin and the peroxidation of arachidonic acid when myoglobin (or hemoglobin) is mixed with H2O2.
2. Protective effect on cells
Ergothionein is a powerful hypochlorous acid scavenger (HOCl), and while many compounds can react with hypochlorous acid, few react as quickly as ergothionein. a1 - antiprotease inhibitors (apis), such as elastase, are particularly sensitive to hypochlorous acid, and physiological concentrations of ergothione are very effective in protecting apis against hypochlorous acid-induced inactivation, since neutrophils are the main source of hypochlorous acid in the body. One of the roles of ergothionein is to protect red blood cells from neutrophils that come from sites of normal function or pathological inflammation.
3. Anti-inflammatory effect
Peroxynitrite is an endogenic reaction of limited diffusion of NO and superoxide, and is a strong oxidizing agent associated with the pathophysiology of inflammation, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, acute pneumonia and sepsis. Ergothione can inhibit the oxidation of amino acids mediated by peroxynitroso anions, such as the nitration of tyrosine, thus providing a feasible treatment for inflammation.
4. Other biological functions
Since the discovery of ergothioneine, many people have tried to explain its physiological function, but they have not been able to fully define its physiological function. The study of Brummel.m.c found that ergothionein may also have the following functions: catalysis of carboxylation or decarboxylation of cations and carbon dioxide; Regulating thyroid and anti-thyroid effects; Modulating histamine or antihistamine action; Cholinoid function or anti-parasympathetic physiological effect; It can regulate the reactivity of other acyl carriers or act as acid carriers itself. Epand Ram et al. also studied the effect of ergothioneine on diabetes. It has strong antioxidant activity: clear active oxygen groups, chelate bivalent metal ions, activate antioxidant enzymes, inhibit superoxide dismutase, inhibit various heme protein oxidation reactions. Because of these characteristics of ergothionein, it has a wide range of applications and market prospects in the fields of medicine, food and beverage, functional food, animal feed, cosmetics and biotechnology.
5. Metabolism
Studies have shown that ergothioneine cannot be synthesized in animals, However, it has been clearly shown in plants and microorganisms that histidine, the aromatic atom and the methyl groups of methionine can be incorporated into ergothioneine. D. Yanasugondha and M.D. Appleman studied the catabolism of ergothioneine in microorganisms and found that ergothioneine can be converted into trimethylamine and mercaptan imidazolacrylic acid; Heath [3] fed long rats with food containing [S] ergothionein for 21 days, and found that [S] -labeled ergothionein was distributed in bone marrow, red blood cells, liver, kidney and other parts. George Wolf et al. first injected [alpha-s] ergothioneine into mice, and then studied the distribution of radioactive energy and its metabolites. It is proved that herzynine is a precursor to the synthesis of ergothionein.
Step
Apply
For the significant and unique biological functions of ergot sulfur substances, scholars in various countries have long launched research on its application, although it needs to be further in-depth, but it has a good enlightening effect on its application in various fields. Ergothionein has a wide range of applications and market prospects in organ transplantation, cell preservation, medicine, food and beverage, functional food, animal feed, cosmetics and biotechnology.
1. Used as a unique antioxidant
Ergothioneine is a highly protective, non-toxic natural antioxidant that is not easily oxidized in water, which allows their concentration in some tissues to reach mmol and activates the cell's natural antioxidant defense system. Among the many antioxidants, ergothione is particularly unique, because ergothione can chelate heavy metal ions, which can make the red blood cells in the body free from free radical damage.
2. For organ transplantation
The amount of tissue available and the duration of preservation play a decisive role in the success of organ transplantation. The most commonly used antioxidant for organ transplant preservation is glutathione, which is easily oxidized when exposed to the environment, even when refrigerated or in a liquid environment, its antioxidant capacity is greatly reduced, causing cell toxicity and inflammation, inducing hydrolysis of tissue proteins. Because ergothione is stable in aqueous solution and can chelate heavy metal ions as an antioxidant, it can be used as a substitute for glutathione in the field of organ protection to better protect transplanted organs.
3. Add to cosmetics
Used as a skin protective agent, ultraviolet UVA in sunlight can penetrate into the dermis of human skin, affecting the growth of epidermal cells, making surface cells die of old age, causing premature aging of the skin, and ultraviolet UVB is easy to lead to skin cancer. Ergothione can minimize the formation of reactive oxygen species and protect cells from radiation damage, so ergothione can be used as a skin protective agent added to some cosmetics for the development of outdoor skin care products and protective cosmetics.
4. Application in ophthalmology
In recent years, studies have found that ergothione plays a key role in protecting the eye, so many researchers hope to develop an ophthalmic product to promote the development of eye treatment surgery. Ophthalmic surgery is usually performed locally, and the water solubility and stability of ergothioneine provide feasibility for this kind of surgery, which has great application value.
5. Applications in other aspects
Ergothione can be used in many fields because of its excellent properties. For example, it is used in the field of medicine, food, health products, cosmetics and so on. In the field of medicine can be used to treat inflammation, can be made into tablets, capsules, oral preparations, etc.; In the field of health products can prevent the occurrence of cancer, can be made into functional food, functional drinks and other products, in the field of cosmetics can be used for anti-aging, can be made into sunscreen and other products. With the enhancement of people's health awareness, the excellent properties of ergothione as a natural antioxidant will gradually be widely recognized and applied.
effect
(1) Anti-aging effect
(2)Prevention of cancer
(3) Detoxification
(4) Maintain DNA biosynthesis
(5) Maintain normal cell growth
(6) Maintaining cellular immune function
(7)other function
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